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Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine

ACAM
E-ISSN: 2667-663X · Monthly · English

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Immune response characteristics and tiered treatment for secondary immune thrombocytopenia with different types of infection

Immune response and tiered treatment for SITP with infections

Original Research doi:10.4328/ACAM.22684 Published: 01.03.2026 Ann Clin Anal Med 2026;17(3):190-195

Authors

1, 1, 1,2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2
Affiliations

1Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, China.

2Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zibo 148 Hospital, Zibo, China.

Corresponding Author

Lifei Sun

sunlifei_2007@163.com

86 138 5339 1306

Declarations

Ethics Declarations

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Qilu Medical University (Approval No: YXLL2023019).

Animal and Human Rights Statement

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

Informed Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to patient privacy reasons but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This work was supported by the General Programs of Qilu Medical University (grant number X24ZKZD01, JCYXKFFC202401, X24ZKMS06, JCYXKFFC202404, and JCYXKFPY202407).

Author Contributions (CRediT Taxonomy)

Conceptualization: L.S., W.C.

Investigation: W.C., Y.L., L.Z., J.W.

Data Curation: W.C., Y.L.

Writing – Original Draft Preparation: W.C.

Writing – Review & Editing: L.S., L.W., S.L.

Visualization: H.X.

Supervision: L.S.

References

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Figures

Figure 1. Lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood among non-SITP patients and SITP patients were analyzed by FACS. In dot plots (A), (C), and (E), lymphocytes are gated by their CD4 and CD8 expression to separate CD4 single positive (gated by an orange line), CD8 single positive (gated by a green line), and CD4/CD8 double positive (gated by a blue line) T cells. Similarly, in dot plots (B), (D), and (F), lymphocytes are gated on the basis of CD19 and CD16/CD56 expression to separate B cells (gated by a purple line) and NK T cells (gated by a blue line). Cell

Figure 1. Lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood among non-SITP patients and SITP patients were analyzed by FACS. In dot plots (A), (C), and (E), lymphocytes are gated by their CD4 and CD8 expression to separate CD4 single positive (gated by an orange line), CD8 single positive (gated by a green line), and CD4/CD8 double positive (gated by a blue line) T cells. Similarly, in dot plots (B), (D), and (F), lymphocytes are gated on the basis of CD19 and CD16/CD56 expression to separate B cells (gated by a purple line) and NK T cells (gated by a blue line). Cell

Figure 2. Destruction of bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets by activation of humoral immune response in SITP patients with E. coli infection. (A) Wright’s staining of bone marrow showing naked megakaryocytes. Immunofluorescence staining showing anti-human IgG positive megakaryocyte (B) and activated Mφ with high expression of Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) (C)

Figure 2. Destruction of bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets by activation of humoral immune response in SITP patients with E. coli infection. (A) Wright’s staining of bone marrow showing naked megakaryocytes. Immunofluorescence staining showing anti-human IgG positive megakaryocyte (B) and activated Mφ with high expression of Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) (C)

Figure 3. Destruction of bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets by activation of cellular immune response in SITP patients with HBV infection. (A) Wright’s staining of bone marrow shows megakaryocytes being attacked by lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence staining showing anti-human IgG negative megakaryocyte (B) and activated Mφ with sparse expression of Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) (C)

Figure 3. Destruction of bone marrow megakaryocytes and platelets by activation of cellular immune response in SITP patients with HBV infection. (A) Wright’s staining of bone marrow shows megakaryocytes being attacked by lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence staining showing anti-human IgG negative megakaryocyte (B) and activated Mφ with sparse expression of Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) (C)

Tables

Table 1. Effect of pathogen infections on the concentration of platelet antibodies in SITP patients

Table 1. Effect of pathogen infections on the concentration of platelet antibodies in SITP patients

Table 2. Effect of pathogen infections on the percentage of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in SITP patients

Table 2. Effect of pathogen infections on the percentage of peripheral lymphocyte subsets in SITP patients

About This Article

How to Cite This Article

Weitong Cui, Yajun Liang, Lifei Sun, Lei Wei, Shuai Li, Linlin Zhang, Junwei Wang, Huaru Xue, Jinbiao Zhang, Qiangqiang Wu. Immune response characteristics and tiered treatment for secondary immune thrombocytopenia with different types of infection. Ann Clin Anal Med 2026;17(3):190-195. doi:10.4328/ACAM.22684

Publication History

Received:
30.03.2025
Accepted:
02.06.2025
Published Online:
07.07.2025
Printed:
01.03.2026