Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in benign and malignant thyroid nodules

Authors

Abstract

Aim This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules among patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
Methods A retrospective single-center analysis was conducted on 605 patients with thyroid pathology, including 493 with benign and 112 with malignant nodules. Demographic data, radiological and pathological nodule sizes, and preoperative NLR values were collected. Normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Group comparisons were performed with independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square test as appropriate. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results The groups did not differ significantly in terms of age or sex (p > 0.05). Benign nodules exhibited larger radiological (32.62 ± 15.38 mm vs. 27.20 ± 16.49 mm) and pathological dimensions (28.80 ± 15.28 mm vs. 12.08 ± 14.45 mm) compared to malignant nodules (p < 0.01). Lymphocyte counts were higher in malignant cases (p = 0.03). The NLR was significantly elevated in the benign group (2.18 ± 0.94) compared with the malignant group (1.93 ± 0.63, p < 0.01). Among patients with nodules <40 mm, NLR distinguished benign from malignant lesions (p = 0.03), whereas this discriminatory capacity was lost in nodules >40 mm (p = 0.13).
Conclusion The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may represent a simple, inexpensive, and readily available biomarker for the preoperative assessment of thyroid nodules, particularly in patients with nodules smaller than 40 mm. However, its diagnostic accuracy diminishes in larger nodules, highlighting the need for validation through prospective, multicenter studies.

Keywords

Introduction

Thyroid nodules are among the most frequently encountered clinical issues in endocrine practice. Recent data indicate that ultrasonography detects nodules in approximately 51% of adults, far exceeding the 4%–7% detection rate via palpation alone.¹ Moreover, these nodules are increasingly identified incidentally during imaging conducted for unrelated reasons, with incidence observed in up to 30% of asymptomatic individuals.² While most nodules are benign, current studies estimate that 7%–15% pose a malignancy risk, emphasizing the need for effective diagnostic and management strategies.³
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains the most common subtype of thyroid malignancy, accounting for nearly 90% of thyroid cancer cases.⁴ Despite generally indolent behavior, a subset of PTC demonstrates aggressive features, including local invasion and lymph node metastases, which make surgical management more difficult and lead to an increased risk of postoperative complications, particularly hypocalcemia, underscoring the importance of early detection and stratified treatment approaches.⁵ Consequently, accurate diagnosis, precise risk stratification, and timely surgical intervention are essential to improve patient outcomes and optimize healthcare resource utilization.
The differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules is primarily based on clinical examination, ultrasonographic features, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) results. However, the possibility of nondiagnostic or indeterminate cytology remains one of the main limitations of FNAB, thereby increasing the demand for novel biomarkers to improve diagnostic accuracy.⁶ Recent studies have also investigated whether nodule size influences diagnostic accuracy and malignant potential. In particular, a threshold of 40 mm has been discussed as nodules larger than this may show altered cytological reliability and distinct clinical behavior compared to smaller nodules.⁷ In recent years, the association between systemic inflammatory markers and malignancies has gained increasing attention. Among these, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has emerged as a simple and inexpensive indicator of systemic inflammation and has been investigated as both a prognostic and diagnostic parameter in cancer biology, including its potential role in the differential diagnosis of thyroid malignancies.⁸
The NLR is a simple and cost-effective indicator of the systemic inflammatory response, characterized by an increased neutrophil count and a decreased lymphocyte count. In malignancies, tumor-microenvironment–driven inflammation can disturb immune cell balance, resulting in measurable shifts in NLR values.⁹ In thyroid cancer–focused studies, NLR has been explored as both a prognostic and diagnostic marker; however, while several reports suggest associations with tumor burden, nodal metastasis, or outcomes, its diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid nodules remains contentious, with conflicting results across recent literature.¹⁰
Reoperative thyroid surgery remains an important therapeutic option for patients with persistent or recurrent thyroid disease, particularly in the setting of malignancy; however, it is associated with a substantially higher risk of functional and anatomical complications compared with primary thyroid surgery. These increased risks highlight the critical importance of accurate preoperative risk stratification, especially regarding the likelihood of malignancy at initial presentation.¹¹ Incorporation of preoperative NLR assessment alongside established clinical, radiological, and cytopathological parameters may improve the identification of patients at higher malignant risk. Such an approach has the potential to optimize the extent of initial surgical management and thereby reduce the need for avoidable reoperative procedures.
In this study, the role of the preoperative NLR in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules was retrospectively evaluated in patients who underwent thyroidectomy at a single center. In addition, the influence of supplementary parameters such as nodule size on this relationship was investigated. The aim of our study is to highlight the diagnostic value of NLR as a simple, accessible, and cost-effective biomarker in the preoperative setting.

Materials and Methods

Study Design and Patient SelectionThis study was designed as a single-center, retrospective, descriptive analysis. The medical records of patients who underwent thyroidectomy in our clinic between January 2021 and December 2024 were reviewed retrospectively using the hospital’s electronic database. Patients were included if preoperative complete blood count (CBC) results were available and a definitive postoperative histopathological diagnosis had been established. Patients with acute or chronic inflammatory diseases unrelated to the thyroid, hematologic disorders, a history of immunosuppressive therapy, or systemic infections were excluded from the study.
Data CollectionDemographic characteristics of the patients (age and sex), nodule size (obtained from preoperative ultrasonography reports), pathological size (derived from definitive histopathology reports), number of nodules, and type of surgical procedure performed (total thyroidectomy or lobectomy) were recorded. In the preoperative period, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts from laboratory tests performed within two weeks prior to surgery were retrieved, and the NLR was calculated.
GroupingPatients included in the study were categorized into two main groups according to the results of postoperative histopathological examination. The benign group comprised non-malignant thyroid pathologies such as nodular goiter, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and adenomatous nodules, while the malignant group included papillary thyroid carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, and other rare thyroid malignancies. For additional analyses, patients were further stratified based on nodule size to evaluate its impact on the NLR; those with nodules smaller than 40 mm and those with nodules measuring 40 mm or larger were compared. This approach allowed both overall group comparisons and subgroup analyses according to nodule size.
Ethical ApprovalThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Malatya Turgut Ozal University (Date: 2025-10-21, No: SBBA-2025-381).
Statistical AnalysisData were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The distribution of continuous variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test as well as skewness and kurtosis values. Continuous variables with normal distribution were compared using the independent samples t-test, whereas those without normal distribution were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Differences between categorical variables were examined using the chi-square test. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (X̅ ± SD) and median with interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables, and as frequencies and percentages (%) for categorical variables. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Reporting GuidelinesThis study was conducted and reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline for observational studies.

Results

A total of 605 patients were included in the study, comprising 493 (81.5%) in the benign pathology group and 112 (18.5%) in the malignant pathology group. The mean age was 48.12 ± 12.70 years (median: 48.0; IQR: 17.0) in the benign group and 48.13 ± 12.96 years (median: 48.0; IQR: 18.5) in the malignant group, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (t = 0.00; p = 1.00). Similarly, gender distribution did not differ significantly (χ² = 1.40; p = 0.24). In the benign group, 94 patients (19.07%) were male and 399 (80.93%) were female, whereas in the malignant group, 16 patients (14.29%) were male and 96 (85.71%) were female (Table 1).
The mean nodule size was 32.62 ± 15.38 mm (median: 32.0; IQR: 20.0) in the benign group and 27.20 ± 16.49 mm (median: 22.0; IQR: 22.0) in the malignant group, with significantly larger nodules observed in the benign group (t = 3.32; p < 0.01). Pathological size was also significantly greater in the benign group (28.80 ± 15.28 mm; median: 30.0; IQR: 21.0) compared with the malignant group (12.08 ± 14.45 mm; median: 8.0; IQR: 12.0) (t = 10.55; p < 0.01).
The mean neutrophil count was 4783.04 ± 1507.45 cells/µL (median: 4540.0; IQR: 1900.0) in the benign group and 4597.14 ± 1291.17 cells/µL (median: 4350.0; IQR: 1510.0) in the malignant group, with no statistically significant difference (t = 1.21; p = 0.23). Conversely, the lymphocyte count was significantly higher in the malignant group (2537.86 ± 708.46 cells/µL; median: 2445.0; IQR: 940.0) than in the benign group (2367.28 ± 726.85 cells/µL; median: 2320.0; IQR: 930.0) (t = –2.25; p = 0.03).
The NLR was found to be significantly higher in the benign group (2.18 ± 0.94; median: 2.0; IQR: 1.0) compared with the malignant group (1.93 ± 0.63; median: 1.8; IQR: 0.8) (t = 2.62; p < 0.01) (Table 2).
Among patients with a nodule size < 40 mm, the mean NLR was 2.14 ± 0.87 (median: 1.96; IQR: 0.97) in the benign group and 1.93 ± 0.58 (median: 1.82; IQR: 0.80) in the malignant group, with the difference reaching statistical significance (t = 2.16; p = 0.03). In contrast, among patients with a nodule size ≥ 40 mm, the mean NLR was 2.29 ± 1.10 (median: 2.04; IQR: 1.07) in the benign group and 1.96 ± 0.81 (median: 1.71; IQR: 0.83) in the malignant group, and the difference was not statistically significant (z = –1.50; p = 0.13) (Table 3).

Discussion

The role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the evaluation of thyroid nodules has been increasingly investigated in recent years, yet its diagnostic performance remains a matter of debate.
The role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the evaluation of thyroid nodules has been increasingly investigated in recent years, yet its diagnostic performance remains controversial. In our study, NLR values were significantly higher in the benign group compared with the malignant group. This finding contrasts with certain reports suggesting elevated NLR in malignancies and highlights the ongoing uncertainty regarding the clinical utility of this biomarker. Indeed, a recent large-scale meta-analysis concluded that although NLR demonstrated moderate diagnostic accuracy—pooled sensitivity 75% (95% CI: 65–82%) and specificity 62% (95% CI: 42–75%)—its standalone use in distinguishing benign from malignant thyroid lesions is limited and should be regarded as an adjunct rather than a definitive tool.¹²
A striking observation in our cohort was the significantly higher lymphocyte count in patients with malignant nodules compared with those with benign lesions. This relative lymphocytosis plausibly contributed to the lower NLR values observed in the malignant group and may partially account for discrepancies with reports describing elevated NLR in thyroid cancer. Although peripheral blood findings across studies are heterogeneous, robust lymphocytic involvement in PTC—including well-described tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) phenotypes and the frequent coexistence of autoimmune thyroiditis—supports a biologic framework in which local immune activation can influence systemic leukocyte profiles and, by extension, NLR.¹³
The influence of nodule size on diagnostic accuracy has long been debated, particularly in relation to the 40 mm threshold. Some studies suggest that nodules measuring 4 cm or larger do not consistently carry higher malignancy risk, and that the accuracy of FNAB remains comparable across different nodule sizes, indicating that surgical intervention based solely on size may not always be justified.¹⁴ Conversely, a recent systematic review found that nodules above 4 cm actually demonstrated a lower overall malignancy rate compared with smaller nodules, although heterogeneity across studies was considerable.¹⁵ Within this context, our finding that NLR discriminates benign from malignant nodules only when nodules are smaller than 40 mm, but loses this discriminatory ability at or above 40 mm, likely reflects the combined effects of size-related cytological limitations and systemic inflammatory mechanisms. These results highlight the importance of adopting a size-aware, multimodal diagnostic strategy in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules.

Limitations

This study has several limitations that must be acknowledged. First, its retrospective, single-center design may limit generalizability, as local referral patterns and surgical thresholds could influence patient selection. Second, potential confounders such as subclinical infections, metabolic conditions, or medications affecting leukocyte counts were not fully controlled. Third, although papillary thyroid carcinoma constituted the majority of malignant cases, other histological subtypes were underrepresented, precluding subtype-specific analyses. Finally, the absence of long-term follow-up data prevents evaluation of the prognostic significance of NLR beyond its diagnostic role. Future prospective multicenter studies with larger and more diverse patient populations are warranted to validate these findings and clarify the clinical utility of NLR, particularly in relation to nodule size.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the NLR, although not suitable as a standalone diagnostic test, may serve as a simple, inexpensive, and widely accessible adjunct in the preoperative evaluation of thyroid nodules. In particular, its discriminatory capacity in nodules smaller than 40 mm could help refine clinical decision-making when cytology is indeterminate or when imaging features are equivocal. Integration of NLR with ultrasonographic risk stratification systems and cytological categories may enhance risk prediction models and potentially reduce unnecessary diagnostic surgeries. Nevertheless, clinicians should remain cautious and interpret NLR within the broader clinical context rather than relying solely on this parameter.

Declarations

Abbreviations

CBC: complete blood count
Cl: Chloride
FNAB: fine-needle aspiration biopsy
IQR: interquartile range
NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
PTC: papillary thyroid carcinoma
SD: standard deviation
SPSS: statistical package for the social sciences
STROBE: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology
TIL: tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte.

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About This Article

Received:

December 16, 2025

Accepted:

March 9, 2026

Published Online:

March 24, 2026